PAPILLEDEMA

 

• CNS infections (viral, bacterial, fungal).

• Medications (lithium, cisplatin, corticosteroids, tetracycline, etc.).

• Head trauma.

• CNS neoplasm (primary or metastatic).

• Pseudotumor cerebri.

• Cavernous sinus thrombosis.

• SLE.

• Sarcoidosis.

• Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

• Carbondioxide retention.

• Arnold-Chiari  malformation and  other  developmental  or  congenital malformations.

• Orbital lesions.

• Central retinal vein occlusion.

• Hypertensive encephalopathy.

• Metabolic abnormalities.