JUGULAR VENOUS DISTENTION

 

• Right-sided heart failure.

• Cardiac tamponade.

• Constrictive pericarditis.

• Goiter.

• Tension pneumothorax.

• Pulmonary hypertension.

• Cardiomyopathy (restrictive).

• Superior vena cava syndrome.

• Valsalva maneuver.

• Right atrial myxoma.

• COPD.