HOARSENESS

 

  • Allergic rhinitis.

  • Infections (laryngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis, croup). 

  • Vocal cord polyps.

  • Voice strain.

  • Irritants (tobacco smoke). 

  • Vocal cord trauma (intubation, surgery).

  • Neoplastic involvement of vocal cord (primary or metastatic). 

  • Neurologic abnormalities (multiple sclerosis, ALS, parkinsonism). 

  • Endocrine abnormalities (puberty, menopause, hypothyroidism).

  • Other (laryngeal webs or cysts, psychogenic, muscle tension abnor­malities)