HICCUPS

Transient hiccups

• Sudden excitement, emotion. Gastric distention. Esophageal obstruction.

• Alcohol ingestion.

• Sudden change in temperature.

 

Persistent or chronic hiccups

• Toxic/metabolic: uremia, DM, hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, gout, fever.

• Drugs: benzodiazepines, steroids, a-methyldopa, barbiturates.

• Surgery/general anesthesia.

• Thoracic/diaphragmatic  disorders:pneumonia, lung cancer,   asthma, pleuritis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm, esophagitis, esophageal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia or irritation.

• Abdominal disorders: gastric ulcer or cancer, hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease, IBD, bowel obstruction, intraabdominal or subphrenic abscess, prostatic infection or cancer.

• Central   nervous   system   disorders:   traumatic,   infectious,   vascular, structural.

• Ear, nose, and throat disorders: pharyngitis, laryngitis, tumor, irritation of auditory canal.

• Psychogenic disorders.

• Idiopathic disorders.