HEMOPTYSIS

     1-Cardiovascular

  • Pulmonary embolism/infarction.

  • Left ventricular failure.

  • Mitral stenosis.

  • AV fistula.

  • Severe hypertension.

  • Erosion of aortic aneurysm.

 

     2- Pulmonary

Neoplasm (primary or metastatic).

Infection:

  • Pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila.

  • Bronchiectasis.

  • Abscess.

  • TB.

  • Bronchitis.

  • Fungal infections (aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis).     

  • Parasitic infections (amebiasis, ascariasis, paragonimiasis).

  • Vasculitis: Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Henoch Schonlein purpura

  • Goodpasture's syndrome.

  • Trauma (needle biopsy, foreign body, right-sided heart catheterization, prolonged and severe              cough).

  • Cystic fibrosis, bullous emphysema.

  • Pulmonary sequestration.

  • Pulmonary AV fistula.

  • SLE.

  • Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.

  • Drugs: aspirin, anticoagulants, penicillamine.

  • Pulmonary hypertension. Mediastinal fibrosis.

 

3-Other

  • Epistaxis, trauma.

  • Laryngeal bleeding (laryngitis, laryngeal neoplasm). Hematologic disorders (clotting abnormalities, DIC, thrombocytopenia).